"Introduction
The Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines are composed of lipid nanoparticles (LNP) containing a modified messenger RNA (mRNA) that encodes for the Spike S protein...
The LNP technology, to put it simply, mimics viral envelopes with ePS [externalized phosphatidylserine], a universal 'eat me' signal, that directs immune cells to engulf the particle. However, as ePS is also a potential 'fuse me' signal, LNP may inadvertently facilitate the formation of pathological syncytia. Moreover, ePS may activate a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 and 17 (ADAM10) (ADAM 17), master regulators of syncytia formation, contributing further to the unintended consequence of cell-cell fusion...
[A]re these therapies ready for worldwide application in their present molecular form? ...
[I]n the following sections, we take a closer look at a novel perspective, namely the mRNA vaccines’ structure and composition and at their unintended biological consequences derived from
pathological cell-cell fusion...
Messenger RNA Vaccines, an Overview
... As mRNA vaccines are based on pre-fusion epitopes, the fusion pathology may be undeterred, allowing viral infection by syncytia formation to continue unabated. This is significant, as it could account for the reoccurrence of COVID-19 symptoms in fully vaccinated individuals. In addition, this may explain the rare post-vaccination events associated with cell-cell fusion, including giant cell myocarditis, giant cell arthritis, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, recorded in Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database...
Vaccine Core: The Synthetic mRNA
In contrast to traditional vaccines that present a plethora of viral proteins to the host immune cells, COVID-19 mRNA-based therapeutics are limited to the antigen of interest (AOI) and elicit antibodies primarily against S1 receptor binding site (RBS). For the complete success of the above method, it must be assumed that the SARS-CoV-2 virus cannot ingress host cells by an alternative pathway. However, several studies have highlighted other potential routes of viral ingress, including metalloprotease, integrins, glucoseregulating protein 78 (GRP78), antibody-dependent enhancement, cell-penetrating peptides, and possibly HERV activation. These entry points will be discussed in more detail...
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
... PEG was never used in an approved vaccine therefore, its presence in Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna-1273 therapeutics raised concerns, especially regarding anaphylactic and fusogenic adverse effects. Moreover, PEG promotes temporary permeabilization of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a property exploited by the pharmaceutical industry for CNS [central nervous system] delivery systems. This may account, at least in part, for the rare VAERS-reported neuropsychiatric symptoms, including neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, earlier studies have demonstrated that PEG may interfere with the conformational stability of proteins, indicating that syncytia, cellular senescence and, dysfunctional proteostasis are highly intertwined."
© 2022 Sfera A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.