Pathogenic antibodies induced by spike proteins of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV viruses

"Introduction

... [W]e suspected that certain antibodies induced by a highly pathogenic virus may be pathogenic themselves, through the targeting of host cells or tissues. To prove this hypothesis, we investigated the pathogenic effects of anti-coronavirus antibodies, including anti-COVID-19 viral antibodies, in this study...

Discussion

Better Vaccines: It was surprising that when the pathogenic anti-COVID-19 S1 antibodies was mixed with an equal amount of the non-pathogenic anti-COVID-19 N antibodies, the sickness and death rates caused by the antibody mixture was significantly decreased compared to the results of the injected anti-COVID-19 S1 antibody alone. A similar result was observed with the highly pathogenic REGN10987 [antibody] as well with an antibody mixture of the REGN10987 and the two non-pathogenic monoclonal antibodies of CR3022-b6 and CC12.3... Thus, a vaccine capable of inducing multivalent antibodies may be safer, in which at least one kind of antibody is of the non-pathogenic kind that induces fewer adverse reactions...

Novel clinic interventions based on the new mechanism of pathogenesis: ... [O]ur study revealed the roles of 'pathogenic antibodies' in viral infections. These pathogenic antibodies act through a novel mechanism of action that we have term 'Antibody Dependent Auto-Attack' (ADAA). In particularly, we explored the ADAA of highly pathogenic respiratory viral infections, such as COVID-19. The pathogenic antibodies can be induced during an infection, bind to vulnerable cells or tissues such as actively growing cells, and initiate a persistent self-attack immune response, leading to serious conditions including ARDS, cytokine storms, and death. Further, the pathogenic antibodies, through ADAA, may also be responsible for infection-related autoimmune diseases, including those experienced by COVID-19 long haulers."