The author is a "medical doctor, neuroscientist and philosopher affiliated with Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg." (source)
"Abstract
Objective: This narrative review presents the crucial role of SP [spike protein] in neurological complaints after SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also of SP derived from novel gene-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 products (ASP)...
Conclusions: The toxic properties of SP presented in this review provide a good explanation for many of the neurological symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection and after injection of SP-producing ASP. Both SP entities (from infection and injection) interfere, among others, with ACE2 and act on different cells, tissues and organs. Both SPs are able to cross the BBB and can trigger acute and chronic neurological complaints. Such SP-associated pathologies (spikeopathies) are further neurological proteinopathies with thrombogenic, neurotoxic, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative potential for the human nervous system, particularly the central nervous system. The potential neurotoxicity of SP from ASP needs to be critically examined, as ASPs have been administered to millions of people worldwide...
1.5. SARS-CoV-2: blood-brain barrier permeability
... Studies in mouse models and human post-mortem tissues have shown that SARS-CoV-2 SP accumulates in the cranial skull marrow, brain meninges, and brain parenchyma...
3.2. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 products: historical review
... To combat SARS-CoV-2, novel gene-based products were used, whose genetic material (mRNA/DNA) encodes the SP, the main surface protein of SARS-CoV-2. Other viral SARS-CoV-2 structures, such as for example the comparatively harmless nucleocapsid, would have been equally good candidates for immunisation from the outset...
6. Conclusions
... [T]hese products have been used worldwide for the intended preventive protection against SARS-CoV-2, including in healthy people, adolescents and even children. And that, although (1) such gene-based product mechanisms had never been used clinically before... (2) no long-term evaluations or final safety analyses were available before the emergency market launch in 2020 and the rapid worldwide use... and (3) alternative immunization options would also have been possible (inactivated virus products or adjuvanted protein products)...
Already now, only four years after approval (as of December 2024), a large number of adverse side effects in multiple organ systems caused by ASPs are occurring at an unprecedented frequency, although this article is limited to the adverse side effects of SP on the HNS. The website www.react19.org lists (as of December 2024) over 3500 published articles and case reports on adverse side effects of ASPs in over twenty organ systems. There is still no data at all on any long-term neurological consequences of such immunisation measures, given the existing time horizon...
Data on the negative consequences of ASPs are difficult to collect, as it must be proven that the ASP is the cause of any physical or health damage. However, this has already been achieved with the detection of SP from the injection (but not the nucleocapsid protein from the infection) of inflammation sites in the brain and heart, especially in the endothelial cells of small blood vessels. Histopathological post-mortem analyses of the brain revealed predominantly lymphocytic acute vasculitis and multifocal necrotizing encephalitis, including glial and lymphocytic inflammatory reactions. The heart also showed acute lympho-histiocytic myocarditis and vasculitis. Components of the injection material have also been found in other tissues and cells."
© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier GmbH.
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