"Abstract: In the wake of the COVID-19 crisis, a need has arisen to prevent and treat two related conditions, COVID-19 vaccine injury and long COVID-19, both of which can trace at least part of their aetiology to the spike protein, which can cause harm through several mechanisms. One significant mechanism of harm is vascular, and it is mediated by the spike protein, a common element of the COVID-19 illness, and it is related to receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. Given the significant number of people experiencing these two related conditions, it is imperative to develop treatment protocols, as well as to consider the diversity of people experiencing long COVID-19 and vaccine injury. This review summarizes the known treatment options for long COVID-19 and vaccine injury, their mechanisms, and their evidentiary basis...
Introduction: ... This article sets out to first describe the mechanisms of spike protein related pathology and the factors which affect them (e.g., patient characteristics) and their relevant biomarkers and diagnostics. The objective, then, is to introduce therapeutics with some promise, based on either mechanistic or clinical evidence, and to summarize the evidence base for each intervention, so that practitioners and scientists may be guided concerning therapeutic development...
3. Pathophysiology
3.1. Mechanisms of Harm
As mentioned previously, while it was expected that the LNP-encapsulated synthetic mRNAs would remain at the injection site and rapidly degrade, there is substantial evidence that they enter the bloodstream, deposit in other tissues, and even in the breast milk of lactating mothers. The S1 subunit of the spike protein can damage the endothelial lining of blood vessels. Vaccine particles in the bloodstream can cause a significant inflammatory response in blood vessels.
Several hypotheses for the mechanisms of long COVID-19 exist, including immune dysregulation, auto-immunity, endothelial dysfunction, activation of coagulation, and latent viral persistence, though this review focuses on the elements common to both COVID-19 infection and vaccine injury. Cardiovascular complications, particularly microthrombus formation, feature both in the etiologies of long COVID-19 as well as COVID-19 vaccine injury.
The SARS-CoV-2 (infection or vaccine produced) spike protein can bind to the ACE2 receptor on platelets, leading to their activation, and it can cause fibrinogen-resistant blood clots. Spike protein fragments can also be amyloidogenic on their own. Several reports demonstrate elevated troponin levels in cardiac symptoms following the COVID-19 vaccine...
4. Therapeutic Interventions
There are several non-specific means of counteracting the effects of long-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 vaccine injury. These include nutritional support for general immune regulation and for overall health, as well as more specific, spike protein-specific therapeutics."
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