"Abstract
During the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, lockdowns and movement restrictions were thought to negatively impact population mental health, since depression and anxiety symptoms were frequently reported. This study investigates the effect of COVID-19 mitigation measures on mental health across the United States, at county and state levels... For consistency, the main focus is on two types of social distancing policies, stay-at-home and school closure orders.
Discussion
... Our findings demonstrate a statistically significant causal effect of lockdown measures (stay-at-home and school closure orders) on the usage of mental health facilities represented by an increasing number of issued medical claims for mental health appointments during COVID-19 pandemic. Also, ED [emergency department] visits were statistically significant and positive in locked-down regions which reflects the increase in emergent mental help-seeking due to the COVID-19 lockdowns. Results further emphasize the cost brought by extra months of lockdowns, in which effect sizes keep increasing through the end of 2020 in both mental health visits and ED visits. Some sub-population groups were exposed to a larger deterioration effect than other groups, such as women and adolescent groups.
Some mental health conditions were of particular interest to investigate during the COVID-19 lockdown. For example, sleep disturbance have been widely observed ... Similarly, burnout has been observed among health providers and some working parents during lockdown measures...
There have been several observations on the relation of school closures with increased mental health risks. Specifically, it was observed that some children were more likely to suffer from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. This further confirms our findings of increased ADHD visits with school closures...
... There is a notable mental health cost brought by non-pharmaceutical interventions, especially interventions that are extended to longer duration. Our results suggest that there should be considerations to the mental health cost through ensuring mental health treatment capacity.
Furthermore, we showed that number of patients’ daily visits had dropped right after lockdowns and then progressively increased in June and July 2020... This suggests that people with mental health afflictions did not have the ability to seek immediate care during restrictive lockdowns. Findings suggest that policy interventions should be accompanied by strategies that facilitate mental health treatment reachability despite restrictive lockdowns, in order to avoid the exacerbated effect of delayed treatment."
© The Author(s) 2024
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