“Results - Spike Protein Elicits “Cytokine Storm” in BALF and Serum: Mice instilled with S1SP [SARS-CoV-2 spike protein] displayed a cytokine storm in BALF (Fig. 2A) and serum (Fig. 2B), in agreement with the observed neutrophil, monocyte, and macrophage recruitment (Fig. 1D). Minimal cytokine levels were observed in mice exposed to either saline or SP.
Spike Protein Induces Morphologically Evident ALI and Activates the NF-?B and STAT3 Pathways in the Lungs: … Figure 3. The S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S1SP) causes acute lung injury and the activation of the STAT3 and NF-?B inflammatory pathways 72 h after exposure.” BBB Note: Figure 3 presents images comparing the lungs of mice injected with SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and a control group.
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