“Results
... Spike Protein Elicits “Cytokine Storm” in BALF and Serum: Mice instilled with S1SP [SARS-CoV-2 spike protein] displayed a cytokine storm in BALF [bronchoalveolar lavage fluid] and serum, in agreement with the observed neutrophil, monocyte, and macrophage recruitment. Minimal cytokine levels were observed in mice exposed to either saline or SP [spike protein].
Spike Protein Induces Morphologically Evident ALI and Activates the NF-κB and STAT3 Pathways in the Lungs: … The S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S1SP) causes acute lung injury and the activation of the STAT3 and NF-κB inflammatory pathways 72 h after exposure.”
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