"1. Introduction
... Carpagnano et al. found a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure... For these reasons, vitamin D has been identified as one of the critical components for treating COVID-19 infection. However, there is more to explain of how vitamin D works in prolonged COVID-19 patients. This review aims to provide a state of the art of vitamin D’s role in long COVID-19 and the updated literature on this topic. The authors will present the impact of vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19 patients and those with long-lasting COVID-19...
4. Long COVID-19 and Vitamin D
... Overall, the COVID-19 pathology is still characterized by cytokine storm, resulting in endothelial inflammation, microvascular thrombosis, and multiple organ failure. Hyperinflammation is a critical component of severe COVID-19, which is associated with poor outcomes underneath the cytokine storm umbrella term. Thus, an important way to minimize or avoid long COVID-19 is to raise 25OHD concentrations before SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19.
Another way to reduce the risk of long COVID-19 is to aggressively treat SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 as soon as possible after symptoms are manifest. In one study, raising serum 25OHD concentrations to a mean value near 35 ng/mL in a few days to two weeks for hospitalized COVID-19 patients significantly reduced mortality rates but did not seem to affect symptoms. On the other hand, treating hospitalized COVID-19 patients with high-dose calcifediol has been found to significantly reduce admission to the Intensive Care Unit and death rates...
5. Conclusions
... The functions of vitamin D in bone and calcium metabolism are well-known; however, this pandemic has reinforced the known immunomodulatory effects of this vitamin. Its deficiency has been linked to infectious diseases, some types of cancers, CVD, and chronic inflammation, among others. Additionally, it is related to the severity and mortality of COVID-19 cases, finding a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with COVID-19 with acute respiratory failure."
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