"Abstract
Objectives: This longitudinal study aimed to assess the impact of COVID‐19 vaccination on cytokine profile.
Methods: A total of 84 Saudi subjects (57.1% females) with mean age of 27.2 ± 12.3 participated in this longitudinal study. Anthropometric data and fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and after final vaccination, with an average follow‐up duration of 14.1 ± 3.6 months for adolescents and 13.3 ± 3.0 months for adults, calculated from the first dose of vaccination. Assessment of cytokine profiles was done using commercially available assays...
Conclusions
... [T]his longitudinal study assessed the impact of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in adults who receive three doses on cytokine profile. The finding of this study showed that vaccination led to elevated cytokine levels, indicating ongoing stimulation and response of the immune system even a year postvaccination. These results may be associated to the persistent production of spike protein and highly inflammatory nature of mRNA-LNP. The findings also revealed that males and adults experienced surge in pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to females and adolescents. The recognition of distinct adverse symptoms associated with gender and age provides an opportunity to enhance comprehension of immunological variances related to sex and age, and to create vaccines that are safer and more efficient."
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iid3.70194
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© 2025 The Author(s). Immunity, Inflammation and Disease published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.